Much of the conversation about migration, particularly when it comes to Africans, is dominated by the terrible scenes we see reported from Libya and deadly Mediterranean crossings. The narrative is still largely the same—people are seeking a better life in new surroundings.

From an economic point of view, the rapid growth in the numbers from Africa is of great interest. This is especially true for the money transfer industry. Remittances to sub-Saharan Africa grew to $37.8 billion in 2017, according to the World Bank and are forecast to hit around $39.2 billion this year and $39.6 billion in 2019. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the largest population and economy, Nigeria topped African recipients with $22.3 billion in 2017. Liberia was the African country for whom remittances accounted for the highest share of GDP at 25.9%.

Even as those numbers grow, it’s clear the nature of migration and the migrant experience is changing. Technology is making this even more true. Ismail Ahmed, founder of WorldRemit, a London-based remittances business, is very clear about the impact of innovation on his business. WorldRemit, which opened an office in New York this week, has operations in 50 countries around the world and completes nearly a million transactions a month. It took around £60 million (~$80 million) in revenue last year and has a current annualized run rate of around $100 million.

Ahmed, who is originally from Somaliland, says innovation has played a crucial role in changing the way companies like his are able to connect migrants in Western countries to their homes in Africa, Asia or Latin America for example. Needless to say, the mobile phone has been vital in enabling the ease of connection, more migrants send smaller amounts more frequently now, with apps, mobile money and traditional bank accounts all playing their role.

But while much focus is often on migrants in Western countries, the largest amount of people moving to new countries is within Africa. One of the biggest challenges that face those who have moved to African countries is the lack of infrastructure that makes it easy for them and citizens to move money between neighboring countries. Indeed, Africa has the highest remittances costs in the world. The World Bank typically measures the cost of sending $200 and in the third quarter it was $9.10, compared to the global average of $7.20.

Ahmed sees this as an important opportunity for his company to fix a multi-billion dollar money transfer problem between neighboring African countries. This wouldn’t just have a significant impact on the hundreds of thousands of Africans moving between  countries in search of a decent living, but also even those traveling on short business trips. Not only does technology add a convenience to the process but in Africa it brings a layer of transparency to things like exchange rates which should have significant impact and encourage more economically beneficial movement between countries.

By Yinka Adegoke

Join money transfer stakeholders at the Remittances Africa Confex 2019. Learn more  

Pay-As-You-Go solar power

In her thesis, Moncayo notes that harnessing solar energy and converting it to off-grid battery power is not a new idea in Africa. She reports that the United Nations Environment Program claims that off-grid lighting solutions are “a multi-billion-dollar market”. At present, reliable and cost-effective Solar Home Systems (SHS) with 20-50 W solar panels that can power LED bulbs and charge a battery are widely available in the region. How are these affordable to the poor Sub-Saharan African population? Moncayo notes that off-grid energy enterprises have adapted their business models to suit their customers. These include Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) or rent-to-own schemes that allow flexible access to solar energy for as little as 50 US cents per day. Moncayo reports that one of the best-known providers is BBOXX, a start-up founded in 2010 that has now sold over 85,000 systems, reaching 425,000 people, in over 35 countries. Such access to Solar Home Systems has been welcomed as they enable the poorest to save both time and money. Moncayo states in her paper that before they had access to these systems, the typical customer had to spend more money on kerosene for less lighting quality and travel nearly twice a week to charge their phone.

Lack of initial finance

The problem with the schemes currently in place is that they need initial finance.  Moncayo reports payback periods of about 18 months for each system. For a company to achieve financial stability, they need to sell fast and grow fast. However, even when they are able to expand quickly, they have difficulties to pay back short-term loans with their business proceeds. According to Moncayo, philanthropy, public financing, banks, private equity and venture capital have proven unable or unwilling to match Sub-Saharan Africa’s demands to finance off-grid energy. She investigates how impact investments are stepping up to contribute to fill the gap and help to get off-grid power to the masses. Impact investments are investments made in companies, organizations or funds that intend to create positive social and/or environmental impacts, while also attaining a financial return. Moncayo reports that in 2015, from the $16.1 billion supplied by impact investors in West and East Africa, $4.2 billion were dedicated to energy. She notes that most of these did not invest in off-grid options, but those that did are largely multilateral development banks, Development Financial Institutions (DFIs), impact investing funds and corporate impact investors. The support offered by these actors is now also getting ordinary investors interested in off-grid opportunities.

Impact investments are more than finance

Moncayo is also keen to highlight the main non-monetary contributions of impact investors. The first is their obvious contribution to the development and availability of off-grid energy systems. They attract new investors and connect them with providers, including those that are social-neutral. As impact investing is a cooperative, rather than a competitive sector, capital can be aggregated for co-investment, cutting transaction costs. In addition, impact investors can provide off-grid companies with technical assistance and help them grow their networks. Investors get involved in the governance of companies to help preserve their social objectives. Through the impact assessment of their investments, they have the information at hand to further improve the value proposition of enterprises. Overall, the introduction of impact investor capital and management practices strengthens and endorses the entire off-grid sector.

Energy for all by 2030

To attain access to clean energy for all, globally, by 2030, the OECD and the EIA, Energy For All- Financing Access For The Poor report (2011) stated that $48 billion needs to be invested each year. Moncayo notes that, if Sub-Saharan Africa requires 80% of all off-grid electrification, it would need investments of $5.6 billion a year. Based on figures supplied by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Moncayo estimated that $188 million in impact investments were made in the Sub-Saharan African off-grid energy sector in 2015. This is just 3.3% of that required by the OECD Energy for All Case for that year. Based on projections for the increase in impact investments in the coming years, she predicts that by 2030, the impact investments dedicated to the off-grid energy sector in Sub-Saharan Africa will have the potential to finance 44% of the OECD Energy For All Case annual budget. Moncayo concludes that this is likely to be less than 1% of the estimated multi trillion-dollar impact investments predicted for 2025 by the Global Impact Investing Network. However, she notes that her analysis highlights the power of impact investors, who are emerging as engine for the global economy and key players in tackling the challenges that the world faces today.

By Mónica Moncayo Escobar – “Role of impact investing in financing access to energy for off-grid populations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Join His Excellency Dr. Bashir Ifo, President, ECOWAS Bank for Investment & Development, Ben Good, Chief Executive Officer, Energy4Impact and other impact investors to discuss how to deliver affordable, reliable and clean energy to over 600 million Africans, faster, at the 3rd Africa Impact Investing Leaders Forum taking place on 25th – 26th October, 2018 in London. Register interest here

The Global Partnership for Education (GPE) Financing Conference that took place in Dakar, Senegal in February 2, 2018 sought US$3.1 billion from world leaders to improve and modernise education on the African continent.  Donors pledged a total of US$2.3 billion for the next years.

Funding, however, is only the first step. A consensus is growing around the idea that to equip the next generation with adequate and relevant skills, we must also reform our education systems.

To compliment this, a proliferation of government and donor-funded projects on entrepreneurship have been set up to teach young people to be job creators instead of job seekers.

One cannot really argue with the current approach, but it falls woefully short of truly addressing the structural aspects of youth unemployment on the continent and disregards the economic structures that exist in most African countries.

In the Gambia, my home country, the ILO estimates that over 75 per cent of total non-agricultural employment is informal.  The World Bank estimates youth unemployment at 43.9 per cent and overall unemployment at almost 30 per cent.

These statistics are due to the formal sector’s inability to absorb enough working age Gambians – a problem that cannot be solved with entrepreneurship and education reform alone.

What The Gambia needs is investment in and promotion of labour-intensive manufacturing. According to the McKinsey Global Institute, sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture could “…speed up job creation [in Africa, and]…boost the number of new wage-paying jobs from 54 million on current trends to 72 million by 2020.” The IMF also noted that efforts to spur industrialisation through labour-intensive light manufacturing is showing positive results in Ethiopia. Despite Ethiopia’s success, the share of manufacturing as a percentage of GDP across the continent has stagnated at around 10 per cent.

For almost two decades, sub-Saharan Africa has seen unprecedented economic growth, but as AfDB President Adesina tweeted, “GDP growth is not enough. Growth must be felt in the lives of people!”

His tweet essentially summarises the need for a different approach, one that is more socially inclusive and improves the livelihoods of the masses. As UNIDO consistently argues, there is a “positive correlation between manufacturing and indicators of social inclusiveness.” As a result, industrial policies that centralise mass job creation, through manufacturing and industrialised agriculture must be pursued in order to avoid the “the real Malthusian crisis”.

Aubrey Hubry postulates that “…the need to generate employment for growing numbers of young people [in Africa] is unprecedented in human history.” Donor organisations, especially the European Union and UNFPA, have identified a link between the crisis Hubry describes in his Financial Times piece and the migration crisis. Both organisations have committed themselves to tackling what they call the economic roots of irregular migration across the Mediterranean.

However, their projects – for instance, the Youth Empowerment Project in The Gambia funded by the EU – do not provide enough capital, technical support or expertise, to address the root causes of poverty and youth unemployment in The Gambia and other African countries.

To conclude, we need to shift the paradigm away from the current status quo, to a tailor-made approach. As eluded to above, efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in The Gambia have had some success and they are essential, but as the founder of Taf Africa Global argues, “entrepreneurship cannot exactly be taught.”

Therefore, efforts to include it in curricula in The Gambia and across the continent are misguided – a move towards re-introducing vocational training in schools would be more suitable.

Funding schemes should be developed for large, scalable business ideas that have tangible potential for mass job creation. Realistically, manufacturing requires certain factors of production that are only available through foreign investment. Consequently, African governments should aim to shrewdly attract investment that secures knowledge and technology transfer, stable and decent employment, and stimulates structural transformation.

A holistic approach is needed though – succeeding with industrial policy requires the prioritisation of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects in secondary and tertiary educational institutions. It also requires strategic investments in infrastructure, healthcare and as previous highlighted, vocational skills training.

This article is part of the #AfricaAtWork series, looking ahead to the 2018 LSE Africa Summit 20 and 21 April. Follow this link to secure your ticket.

Maudo Jallow (@maudojallow) is the founder of New Nation and former Co-Director of the LSE Africa Summit. He holds an MSc in African Development from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

The Main Objectives

Among other goals, such projects aim to achieve biodiversity conservation, sustainable water management, and clean transportation. The market reached a turning point in 2013 as the first corporate green bonds were issued, increasing the market size to $11bn. In 2016, over $81bn in green bonds were issued, driven in part by an increase in issuers, issue types, structures and investment vehicles.

Moody’s suggested that the global green bond issuance may rise to approximately $208bn in 2017.

This is indeed a very likely outcome as the expansion of green bond types and structures continues to attract multiple potential issuers, including China. The country is expected to contribute around $60bn in green bonds issued in 2017.

Other Players

In recent months, France and Poland became the first countries to issue sovereign green bonds. Countries likely to follow suit in 2017 include Bangladesh, China, Luxembourg, Morocco, Sweden, and Nigeria. Africa’s powerhouse, Nigeria, plans to be one of the first African states to float sovereign green bonds to fund sustainable projects in the economy.

At the Green Bonds Capital Market & Investors Conference, the acting President of Nigeria, Professor Yemi Asinbajo, stated that arrangements were being made for the inauguration of the first African Sovereign Green Bond, worth some 20 billion nairas, to address climate change and environmental projects.

Some of the projects to be financed include a solar unit distribution program for 20 states of the federation and a reforestation program for 26 states. With solar power becoming the world’s cheapest source of energy for electricity, this presents opportunities for investments and diversification, which could cut significant costs for organisations as the nation works towards bouncing back from recession. Whether or not the green bonds will be oversubscribed may depend largely on incentives and regulation of the bonds.

Putting the Money to Good Use

In November, Masen (Morocco’s Agency for Sustainable Energy) issued Morocco’s first ever green bond of €106m. The proceeds from the bond issue will be used to finance the development of 170 MW in the NOOR PV1 project, providing solar power through three plants.

Other African states, including Kenya, are gearing up to take be active in the green bond markets as they work towards supporting the 2015 pledge by world leaders to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius this century.

A Positive Outcome

Apart from potential tax incentives, African states may be able to achieve more sustainable growth in relatively early stages of development in contrast to more developed states. The introduction of the issuance of green bonds increases the priority for sustainable development on the continent, thus encouraging African countries to avoid the mistakes (in sustainable development) that developed economies made in their infancy.

A potential challenge for African states hoping to attain finance for funds through green bonds is the size of the projects and their financing needs. The size of the projects may need to be increased in order to ensure that they are more attractive.

Although the issuance of green bonds is growing fast, it is still less than $1trn, a tiny fraction of the $90trn global bond market. OECD studies suggest that the global annual green bond issuance will need to rise by between $620bn and $720bn for the G20 to meet its climate change targets.

Other Considerations

The standards set for issuers of green bonds should also be considered. Higher standards may direct the efforts made by countries and organisations that hope to become issuers in the green bond market. They will encourage accountability and transparency that will promote more suitable allocation of capital to funding projects.

Critics cite the relatively weak reporting in the green bond market. Coupled with uncertainty on what constitutes a green bond, this may be a deterrent to investors.

Nevertheless, progress is being made in this regard. China and India have already led the way with unique guidelines to support the issuance of green bonds. Similarly, African states will benefit greatly from policy frameworks based on their distinct markets.

Conclusion

Sentiments regarding the sustainable development of economies continue to set the pace for organisations and policy makers in various countries across the globe who hope to remain competitive for investors and other stakeholders.

The numbers do not lie and a shift of winds has already taken place. Individuals and groups must adjust with urgency. Recently, the S&P Dow Jones Indices, the world’s leading provider of index-based concepts, data and research, announced the launch of the S&P Green Bond Select Index. It will measure the performance of green-labelled bonds issued globally.

The wave of change is here, but the real question to consider in the midst of this change is: who will ride it with grace?

By Calvin Ebun-Amu, Sector Specialist

Never in Africa have these words uttered by Nelson Mandela, an African icon, rung as true as they do presently.

We are two years into the implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDG) to achieve food security, combat poverty, create jobs, enhance equality and peace, enhance resource efficiency, combat climate change and protect the environment as critical priorities in Africa.

The writing is on the wall. And just as colonial oppression drove our founding fathers to launch the independence struggle, today the urgent need to accelerate the continent’s socioeconomic transformation beckons us all, as citizens of the current generation, to action. The time to do the right thing and act is now and in so doing, the next generation of continental icons will emerge.

Unlocking the enigma of Africa’s next icons

Three distinctions position clean energy and Ecosystem Based Adaptation (EBA) Driven Agriculture as catalytic sectors in Africa.

First is economic inclusion. Agriculture is the most accessible economic sector that employs the majority of Africa’s work force, at an average of 64 percent across the continent. Maximizing the productivity of this sector means enhancing income and economic opportunities for the majority in the continent.

Secondly, Africa holds a comparative advantage in terms of resources, with 65 percent of the world’s uncultivated arable land and a 300-million-strong middle class demanding more value added and differentiated agro-products and projected to grow a food market worth $150 billion in the next 13 years. This represents a significant domestic consumer market for growth of local value addition agro-industries. On energy, is the abundant renewable energy potential including hydro estimated at 1852TWh annually, 3 times the continent’s current demand, and the best solar resource in the entire planet. By leveraging these resources in complementarity, the region can establish global competitiveness, and create the much needed jobs.

Third, focus on policy and non-policy investment to maximize productivity of these sectors serves the leading socioeconomic development priorities of food security, enhanced income and job opportunities. To maximize this productivity, development in these sectors needs to be considered as complementary and not in silos as classically approached.

This amalgamation will potentially maximize productivity of agriculture by cutting post-harvest losses (PHL) largely driven by lack of value addition. It will incentivize use of EBA and clean energy to offset carbon and enhance ecosystems, thus further cutting crop losses due to climate change and those due to ecosystems degradation. Amalgamation will also maximize productivity of clean energy development by diversifying application beyond domestic use to include productive use in agro-processing and value addition.

For example in Kenya, estimates show that cumulatively, on-farm value addition using solar powered, efficient micro-irrigation is saving farmers over $10,000 annually in operating costs relative to using conventional fossil fuel powered, non-efficient farrow systems. As a result farmers are generating up to $30,000 per acre annually. What is needed for impact across the continent are policy and non-policy incentives and investments to upscale this paradigm. It is in this upscaling that the long-awaited solutions to sustainably accelerate socioeconomic transformation will emerge. And in the process, create the next generation of continental icons.

Moving from talk to action – The Ecosystems Based Adaptation for Food Security Assembly (EBAFOSA)

EBAFOSA is already committed to upscaling through innovative volunteerism. This volunteerism seeks the application of physical and non-physical resources at one’s disposal – especially professional skills, organizational and professional networks, and ongoing initiatives – to build mutual partnerships with complementary actors at policy and operational levels. That’s to enhance the respective business or organizational objectives, like expanding market share, transferring skills and technology, or operationalizing policies, but aligned to the shared EBAFOSA strategic objective. This strategic objective is to bridge policy and operational gaps to maximize the productivity of both clean energy and nature-based, EBA-driven agriculture to sustainably accelerate socioeconomic transformation and achieve the SDGs.

Through innovative volunteerism, EBAFOSA is maximizing agricultural productivity. These innovative volunteerism efforts are being applied at the EBAFOSA pillars: amalgamation; policy harmonization; standardization; innovative financing, and ICT as driver of partnerships. To date, a number of achievements can be recorded across Africa.

Amalgamation, where clean energy expansion is tagged directly to powering value addition of sustainably produced agro-products (rather than undertaking them in silos) is the EBAFOSA foundational pillar. For example in the northwestern part of Cameroon’s Jakiri municipality, EBAFOSA is catalyzing partnerships at policy and ground level towards directly linking off-grid small-hydro to power cassava and Irish potato processing into varied product lines, and linking these to markets and supply chains using ICT mobile apps.

This is not only offsetting carbon in energy generation and building ecosystems resilience, but creating income opportunities along the entire agro-value chain and ancillary chains of clean energy and ICT. A total of 10 youth groups engaging in ICT, clean energy and marketing have been creating green jobs for approximately 100 young people. Over 500 women now have access to value addition services and as a result have cut their PHLs to enhance income stability and the community food security.

On policy harmonization to maximize productivity, EBAFOSA is achieving this through ministerial-level collaboration across ministries of agriculture, environment, energy, industrialization and others that are forming interagency policy task forces. These policymakers are further joined by stakeholders from private sector and the development community to share knowledge and experiences in aligning policy – all achieved through innovative volunteerism.

The EBAFOSA Sierra Leone task force has started building on some ongoing policy initiatives across four complementary ministries. A key focus for the Sierra Leone task force is tax concession policy for agro-based industries in rural areas. These are set to incentivize investment in clean energy power plants dedicated to adding agro-value near farming areas, and the task force work is another example of what innovative volunteerism is doing at policy level.

On innovative financing, EBAFOSA is reducing key factors of climate risk (driven by climate change-induced crop failure) and financial risk (driven by repayment defaults) to catalyze affordable private-sector lending along the EBAFOSA value chain.

For example, in Kenya, EBAFOSA Kenya stakeholders are working with the Kenya county governments to leverage county climate change funds for additional private sector resources. In the pioneering Makueni County, the fund is setting aside 50 percent of the portfolio so it can securitize up to 10 times the amount in private banks. These securitized monies will be loaned through low interest microfinance institutions, as a priority to entrepreneurs engaged in actions that optimize the agro-value chain using EBA and clean energy. Therefore, they indirectly finance the upscaling of EBA-Driven Agriculture and clean energy agro-value addition to create multiple low carbon, higher order income and job opportunities.

On ICT as a driver, the EBAFOSA-driven ICT app called EdenSys is enabling farmers to use their mobile phones to access advisory services, to access inputs including clean energy, and to connect to markets where they can price and sell their products among other key actions.

Going forward, a dedicated service to finance products and services along the entire EBAFOSA chain called M-eBAFOSA is being developed and this will be a one-stop-shop financing module. It’s a doorway that links end users and clients interested in financing along the EBAFOSA chain, to the relevant product and service providers also within that chain, be it advisory services or technology for EBA/clean energy, EBAFOSA compliance standards, or finance providers.

These are samples of how EBAFOSA is upscaling the paradigm that will potentially create the next generation of icons across the continent. Innovative volunteerism provides an opportunity to engage more people to cash on this paradigm, and be on track to clinching the prize of next generation continental icons.

Conclusion

“When you follow in the path of your father, you learn to walk like him.” This Ashanti proverb provides a lesson for Africa’s next potential icons. The first generation of continental icons arose out of solving Africa’s main challenge at infancy – the struggle for self-determined rule. Their dedication and determination to liberate the continent from the shackles of colonialism is what elevated them to status of icons.

At present, Africa faces the urgent need to accelerate socioeconomic development sustainably and catch up with the rest of the globe in actualizing the SDGs and implementing the Paris Climate Change Agreement. Innovative volunteerism towards maximizing productivity of the continent’s catalytic sectors of EBA Driven Agriculture and Clean Energy stands out as an opportunity to accelerate this development.

Learning from the first generation of icons, our dedicated and determined efforts in operationalizing innovative volunteerism make possible this generation’s ascent as “continental icons” of Africa’s future. This is our time as the current generation and Innovative Volunteerism through the framework of EBAFOSA provides the opportunity to do so.

By Dr. Richard Munang

The Business Commission’s global report, first launched in January 2017 ahead of the World Economic Forum in Davos, shows how sustainable business models could open economic opportunities across 60 “hot spots” worth up to US$12 trillion and increase employment by up to 380 million jobs by 2030. More than half of the total value of the opportunities are in developing countries. In Africa alone, sustainable business models could open up an economic prize of at least US$1.1 trillion and create over 85 million new jobs by 2030.

“The world is seeing increasingly that African companies are models for what can be achieved with ingenuity and innovation as they solve difficult social challenges. They are not wedded to old solutions, so here in Kenya we see digital innovators delivering banking, energy and health solutions. The speed of innovation and adoption is astonishing,” said Mark Malloch-Brown, chair of the Business and Sustainable Development Commission. “The Better Business, Better World report launch in Nairobi puts the African private sector squarely in the drivers’ seat on the road to achieving sustainable development, and we welcome more African business leaders to join the Business Commission.”

Hosted by Safaricom, the Better Business, Better World conference, held on 23 February, brings together business leaders to build support for the Sustainable Development Goals (or Global Goals)—17 objectives to eliminate poverty, improve education and health outcomes, create better jobs and tackle our key environmental challenges by 2030. The purpose of the conference is to show how the Global Goals provide the private sector with a new growth strategy that opens valuable market opportunities while creating a world that is both sustainable and inclusive. And the potential rewards for doing so are significant.

Kenya’s top mobile network operator, Safaricom has also been a leader in creating innovations that remove obstacles to financial inclusion through its mobile banking platform M-PESA, and increases sustainable energy access through M-KOPA. “Africa has a real opportunity to lead the way in doing better business for a better world. As a commission we have found that across the continent, there is potential for inclusive, green growth and development which remains untapped,” said Bob Collymore, CEO of Safaricom and member of the Business Commission. “We stand on the cusp of possibilities and we must seize the opportunity now. As the report shows, there have been in the last few years a demonstration of the possibility of leapfrogging development through new technologies and the Internet to bring development in transformative ways that also promote purpose.”

A key message of the report is that digital solutions and entrepreneurs will be critical to unlocking many of these new opportunities. Research from the report has identified 32 ‘development’ unicorns with market caps of more than US$1 billion. In Africa entrepreneurs are bringing new solutions to social and environmental problems in remarkable ways, and the opportunities to do so are compelling. One market hot spot, affordable housing, could create over 13 million of these jobs, while risk pooling, the single largest monetary opportunity in Africa, is valued at US$150 billion.

“We need young entrepreneurs to reimagine solutions that would allow business to participate in joining government to solve issues of poverty and hunger that the SDGs seek to address,” said Vineet Rai, founder, Aavishkaar-Intellecap Group and a member of the Business Commission. “Sankalp Forum and Intellecap are bringing together the best young entrepreneurs from Africa and Asia to find new ideas and solutions that aim to deliver on the ambitious opportunity that the Better Business Better World report outlines as US$12 trillion.”

At the same time, the Commission believes a “new social contract” between business, government and society is essential to defining the role of business in a new, fairer economy. The 2017 Edelman Trust Barometer reinforces this idea. It shows that while CEO credibility is sharply down, 75% of general population respondents agree that “a company can take specific actions that both increase profits and improve the economic and social conditions in the community where it operates.” And they can do so in ways that align with recommendations and actions outlined in Better Business, Better World: rebuilding trust by creating decent jobs, rewarding workers fairly, investing in the local community and paying a fair share of taxes.

Throughout 2017, the Commission will focus on working with companies to strengthen corporate alignment with the Global Goals, including: mentoring the next generation of sustainable development leaders; creating sectorial roadmaps and league tables that rank corporate performance against the Global Goals; and supporting measures to unlock blended finance for sustainable infrastructure investment. “We need to show these ideas work not just in a report but on the business frontline,” said Dr. Amy Jadesimi, CEO of LADOL, a Nigerian logistics and infrastructure development company, and a member of the Commission.

Culled from Business & Sustainable Development Commission.

These foreign investors, foundations and trust managers are through their investment addressing significant challenges that Africa faces in respect of poverty, infrastructure development, healthcare, education and transport by supporting companies dealing with these issues on the continent. Initiatives in these sectors are considered to be viable impact investment opportunities, and investors are seeking them out. Impact investments are those investments that provide a measurable social or environmental impact, as well as a financial return.

Much of the work in impact investing markets is starting to look at how money invested in social and environmental good could be allocated in a way that uses data to determine the effectiveness of programmes and institutions. One of the innovative financing mechanisms to emerge from this process is the Social Impact Bond.

A Social Impact Bond (SIB) is a financing contract designed to drive commercially sustainable social outcomes. The bonds work by attracting socially motivated investors to fund social services up front. Repayments to investors are then made by government and/or private funders if pre-agreed outcome targets are achieved. SIBs enable governments and donors to allocate resources more effectively to address societal challenges particularly in the face of fiscal austerity, by way of public-private collaboration.

The use of SIBs stands poised for considerable growth in Africa. The magnitude and speed of this growth depends on the extent to which African governments create an enabling environment through policy. In this regard, South Africa has a relatively established social investment market, albeit small by international standards, facilitated to some extent by Regulation 28 of the Pension Funds Act, an example of how policy can be used to leverage institutional investment towards social outcomes.

Regulation 28 is the prudential investment regulation that governs how and where South African pension funds can invest, and it obliges pension fund trustees to consider environmental, social and governance factors in pursuit of a sustainable returns policy. It expressly incentivises institutional investment into the rest of Africa. Similarly, there are regulations in several African jurisdictions that allow, even compel, domestic pension funds to invest in other African countries.

Larger African institutional investors are quite familiar with other initiatives to strengthen awareness and implementation around ESG and responsible investing, for example, the UN Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI), the closely aligned Code for Responsible Investment in South Africa (CRISA) the Responsible Investment Ownership Guide for Pension Funds in Southern Africa published by the Sustainable Returns for Pensions and Society initiative in 2013. Zimbabwe also introduced responsible investment codes recently and Kenya implemented its stewardship codes last year.  The King Code IV has also placed emphasis on corporate social responsibility and has referred to CRISA.

The regulatory environment in South Africa has arguably led to the increased interest from foreign foundations, looking to invest or create investment opportunities in projects in South Africa and to expand them into Africa. These projects involve many industries, (although we have seen particular enthusiasm in the healthcare and agriculture sectors), with the need for legal advice on all levels.  Exchange control rules often have to be adhered to, when the funding initially enters South Africa, and for any subsequent investment abroad. These constraints dictate the structure of the deal and the flow of funds and make legislative advice a pre-requisite.

Foreign investors also frequently look for partnerships with local companies that have the expertise, the location and the know-how to address socioeconomic issues. In South Africa, the obstacles faced by load shedding as a result of energy capacity issues, for example, have given rise to many businesses offering renewable energy and solar energy solutions – which in turn offers more ESG friendly investment opportunities for local institutional investors.

In the alternative energy market, measuring the return on investment is becoming relatively straightforward. However, it is less easy to put a price on investing in human dignity or cognitive development in children, for example. One of the sticking points in the impact investing movement has been how to gauge if funds invested in social good are having any measurable impact.

Earlier this year the Western Cape Departments of Health and Social Development in South Africa allocated up to R 24 million to trial three Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) aimed at improving the health, nutrition and developmental status of pregnant women and children, up to five years who live in low income communities. Two corporate donors have committed another R 24 million rand to bring the total amount of the bonds to R48 million.  The Bertha Centre for Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the University of Cape Town’s (UCT) Graduate School of Business, facilitated their development and Bowmans advised on the legal and tax structuring of these SIBSs.

These SIBs are the first to be initiated in an emerging market, and they will provide useful guidance and lessons on how these bonds can be implemented in other countries in Africa going forward. This innovative financing mechanism could be a powerful tool providing a practical and workable solution for Africa’s most pressing challenges, while at the same time offering worthwhile returns for socially motivated investors.

By David Geral and Kim Goss, of Bowmans South Africa, and Aunnie Patton of Bertha Centre

Many African countries are struggling badly to finance their energy requirements. For example, virtually no African electricity utilities have an “investment-grade” rating which prevents them from raising debt at reasonable rates in order to finance their energy projects.

Projects backed by publicly-owned energy providers also encounter certain limits. Long development lead times together with uncertainty over government commitments to purchase volumes produced – key to any financing project – have led some African countries to entrust energy production to the private sector.

Developing IPPs in Africa

In a bid to leverage the Continent’s vast solar capacities, wind and water resources, many corporations are turning to IPP-type private projects (“Independent power projects”, in industry jargon), primarily to meet their own needs, before transferring any energy left over to the grid. As the authorised production threshold has been raised, the number of such independent projects to produce energy for own-use has grown.

Although the situation varies by country, Africa has enacted a series of sector-based legislation over the past few years, such as Law 13-09 in Morocco 1. This allows programmes to produce energy with an installed capacity of up to 50MW to apply for authorisation from the Moroccan Energy Ministry. Any surplus must be sold exclusively to ONEE (the national electricity and water agency), with whom the independent producer must negotiate a transport agreement and a connection agreement (for the transfer of any surplus energy produced).

Other factors have also contributed to the success of IPPs in Africa: deregulation (albeit partial) of the energy sector, increasing demand for energy and the availability of special purpose financing, all supported by government guarantees to purchase power produced.

Development finance institutions (DFIs) have also played a key role alongside financing from foreign backers, especially Chinese concessional lenders and private investors. It is estimated that energy projects attracted USD 14 billion worth of financing in 2014, the bulk of which came from concessional loans put up by China Exim Bank.

Very welcome structural reforms

Participation in private sector financing is therefore an opportunity not to be missed. However, most African governments continue to regulate their national energy sectors via a single publicly-owned utility. This is still the case in Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Mali and Niger, to mention but the countries belonging to the CFA franc zone. Nevertheless, beginning in the 1990s, a number of countries began to introduce structural reforms designed to partially deregulate their vertically-integrated monopolistic utilities. South Africa was the first to do so, followed by Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda and then Kenya. A third category of countries – comprising Angola, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Senegal and Togo – have continued with their monopolies but adopted legislation conducive to IPP-type structures. Indeed, within this category of countries, publicly-owned agencies frequently acquire stakes in dedicated IPP project companies, generating a hybrid market with all sorts of complex governance-related issues. While the existence of an independent regulator may be seen as a safeguard for reassuring investors it does not appear to be an absolute imperative.

Although structural reform has undoubtedly resulted in better governance in the energy sector and an environment that is more conducive to IPPs, widespread financial mismanagement of publicly-owned bodies means that private electricity buyers are becoming more and more common in the industry. Nevertheless, there has to be sufficient industrial demand. Madagascar is a case in point. A number of hydroelectricity projects have been launched by JIRAMA, the public water and electricity utility, however, firm credible commitments to purchase power could not currently be secured for the total cumulative installed capacity of the projects due to the serious financial difficulties of the public energy body. Even by trying to sell to the private sector, there is no guarantee that the shortfall in demand could be made up. Thence the African paradox: a lack of creditworthy customers alongside massive energy requirements!

Adopting and complying with best practices

Nevertheless, the success of IPPs is down to a number of best practices that include more effective coordination between the assessment of requirements and power purchase agreements (or PPAs), setting up a clear, predictable and transparent framework for transferring procurement documentation – even for private initiatives, and coherent decisions regarding project structure and power purchase tariffs.

As regards the first point, too many African countries still suffer from inadequate public policy planning tools in spite of loud media declarations concerning plans or strategies that are supposed to last for a generation. Apart from South Africa, very few governments have actually linked their energy planning requirements to energy procurement strictu sensu. Fragmented structures frequently hamper a coherent public policy capable of ensuring diversity in the energy mix, a network capable of absorbing new projects and consistent arrangements for organising and awarding tenders and concessions.

Procedures for awarding IPPs, even within a private framework, must be clear, comply with  principles of equal treatment of candidates and remain constant over time. This does not mean that they have to be rigid! In a rapidly changing market where technical advances and competitive pressures are tending to push down the cost of equipment and material, investors should be able to enjoy contractual stability and the gains generated from lower market prices should also be split among the different parties. This will ultimately result in lower prices for end consumers, particularly in projects where surplus power is purchased by the national utility.

Lastly, “feed-in tariff ” arrangements (FiT) do not have to be a dogma. While FiTs are attractive because they reassure investors and because they have been successfully used in countries like Kenya, Ghana and Senegal, they curb competition significantly.

The financial strength of “off-takers” (i.e., power buyers), the scalability of their industrial plan and the reliability of their power purchase commitments will all be key to the success of an IPP venture in Africa, especially where the public utility is insufficiently creditworthy to be able to purchase the energy produced over the long term.

By Hugues de La Forge, Partner – Holman Fenwick Willan

“To prosper, Africa needs a massive, concerted, ambitious effort to transform our economies,” Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank Group, said. “We need growth that benefits everyone. The High 5 priorities will get us there more quickly.”

The High 5s and the Bank’s recent progress are highlighted in the Annual Development Effectiveness Review 2016 — the latest edition of the Bank’s key monitoring and tracking tool — which was released Monday, June 27, 2016.

This year, the Bank has revamped the review to give greater attention to Africa’s fundamental challenges and how the Bank is addressing them.

The Bank is also reorganising itself to become more agile and responsive to the continent’s needs. A new business model has been adopted and three new vice presidencies established: on power, energy and green growth; on agriculture, human and social development; and on the private sector, infrastructure and industrialisation.

To increase its efficiency and carry out its work more quickly, the Bank is moving closer to its clients by establishing five regional integration and business delivery offices.

All these changes will help achieve the structural transformation outlined in the Bank’s Ten Year Strategy. The High 5 priorities are an integral part of that effort:

Light up and power Africa — About 635 million Africans still live without electricity and demand for energy is rising rapidly. Through the New Deal on Energy for Africa, the AfDB is working to unify efforts to achieve universal access to energy. Its new Energy Strategy aims to increase energy production and access, and improve affordability, reliability and energy efficiency.

Feed Africa — More than 70% of Africans depend for their livelihoods on agriculture. If its full potential were unlocked, agriculture could vastly improve the lives of millions. The Bank is framing its agricultural operations within a business-oriented approach, based on a deeper understanding of the obstacles, potential and investment opportunities.

Industrialise Africa — A persistent lack of industrialisation is holding back Africa’s economies. Over the next 10 years, the Bank will invest US $3.5 billion per year through direct financing and leveraging to implement six flagship industrialisation programmes in areas where the AfDB can best leverage its experience, capabilities and finances.

Integrate Africa — Through its Regional Integration Policy and Strategy, the Bank is focusing its integration efforts not just on movement of goods and services but also on mobility of people and investment.

Improve the quality of life for the people of Africa — Africa’s economic growth has not been rapid or inclusive enough to create enough jobs and improve quality of life. The Bank is committed to building up the availability of technical skills so that African economies can realise their full potential in high-technology sectors. Acknowledging the urgent need to address climate change, the Bank will nearly triple its annual climate financing to reach $5 billion a year by 2020.

By AfDB

It also supports the creation of a larger variety of products and services, improves the management of risks, makes payments easier and helps lenders better monitor their clients. In addition, it provides instruments, such as insurance packages, and information that help households and firms to cope with negative events, ensuring more stable consumption and investment.

Given the weakening growth outlook for the region, examining all potential sources or lubricants for growth is now of particular interest. So, in our latest Regional Economic Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa we examine the extent to which developed, well-functioning and accessible financial institutions and markets could boost growth and what policy options would best help achieve this potential.

Good progress but significant challenges remain

To fully appreciate the potential for further financial development, take a look at the encouraging progress sub-Saharan African countries have made over the last decades.

First, the region has led the world in innovative financial services based on mobile telephones, especially in East Africa. The fast spread of systems such as M-Pesa, M-Shwari, and M-Kesho in Kenya has helped reduce transaction costs and facilitate personal transactions even in the absence of traditional financial infrastructure. Microfinance has also grown rapidly, providing services to customers at the lower end of the income distribution, and large parts of the population now have access to financial services more generally (Chart 1).

But financial inclusion, the degree to which all segments of the population can benefit from financial services, still lags well behind that of other developing regions of the world. For instance, as cellphone ownership continues to grow among the poor, the less well educated, and women, there is a large potential to fully exploit mobile payments to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional methods in providing financial services to the most underserved.

Second, the financial sector has deepened—the region’s median ratio of private sector credit to GDP has doubled from its 1995 level. However, with the exception of the region’s middle-income countries, financial market depth and institutional development are also still much lower than in other regions.

Third, we now find Pan-African banks—locally-owned banks that operate in several countries—in the vast majority of sub-Saharan African countries. Their expansion has filled gaps in services left by European and U.S. banks, promoted greater economic integration, and made the sector more competitive. But as often is the case with new and rapidly growing financial developments, Pan-African banks also bring a number of challenges, in particular the need to strengthen supervisory oversight on a consolidated and cross border basis and improve the internal controls and transparency within those institutions.

A large untapped growth potential

But how much more financial development could sub-Saharan African countries realistically achieve? Examining a combined index of the various dimensions of financial development shows there’s a substantial gap between the level of financial development at which many sub-Saharan African countries are currently operating, and what they could reach when compared to other regions with similar structural characteristics.

So, the potential for further financial development is substantial, and the impact of filling the gap is about 1½ percentage points additional annual growth for the median sub-Saharan African country, with variations across country groups (Chart 2).

In addition, we show that higher financial development can reduce the volatility of growth, especially if financial development is initially relatively low, as is the case for most countries in the region (Chart 3). Here, more financial development relaxes credit constraints and provides instruments to withstand adverse shocks. However, as the sector deepens, its contribution to reducing volatility declines because financial depth also increases the propagation and amplification of shocks.

Safeguard macro-stability and strengthen institutions stability

So, what should policymakers do to help sub-Saharan African economies reap this potential?

Our analysis shows that the region’s financial development has been largely driven by better macroeconomic fundamentals over the last decades, but hindered by weak institutions. So, providing strong legal and institutional frameworks and corporate governance in particular, are critical for creating an environment in which the financial sector can develop and thrive.

But countries also need to be vigilant about risks to the financial system and their spillovers to the economy. As regulations in many countries are not fully in line with global best practices, and their implementation remains weak, improving the regulatory framework and strengthening supervisory capacity as well as enforcement powers are essential. Among many other reforms, the harmonization of regulations and supervisory procedures to avoid regulatory arbitrage and establishing an appropriate mechanism for resolving nonviable financial institutions are high priorities.

Finally, financial supervisors should monitor carefully the risk related to mobile money transactions as they become increasingly popular in the low-income segment of the population—ensuring households’ funds are safe while allowing them to enjoy making transactions more easily, saving for worse times or taking up a loan to start a business.

By Anne-Marie Gulde-Wolf 

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